American Government PSC101 1007 Chapter 8

The term "media" refers to various means of communication and the organizations or platforms that deliver information, entertainment, and other content to a large audience. Media can be categorized into several types, including:

1. Print Media: This category includes newspapers, magazines, brochures, and any other material that is published in a printed form. These sources often provide in-depth coverage and analysis of news and events.

2. Broadcast Media: Broadcast media includes television and radio. These outlets offer a wide range of programming, from news and educational content to entertainment and sports.

3. Digital Media: Digital media encompasses content that is delivered through electronic devices and the internet. This includes websites, blogs, social media platforms, streaming services, podcasts, and more. Digital media has become increasingly prominent in recent years due to the growth of the internet and technology.

4. Social Media: This subset of digital media is focused on social interaction and user-generated content. Social media platforms, such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and TikTok, allow users to create, share, and engage with content.

5. News Media: News media organizations are dedicated to reporting current events and news. This category includes newspapers, TV news channels, online news websites, and news radio stations. Journalists and reporters play a crucial role in delivering accurate and timely information to the public.

6. Entertainment Media: This category encompasses the media that provides entertainment, such as movies, music, video games, and television shows. These forms of media aim to entertain, engage, and often tell stories for artistic and commercial purposes.

7. Advertising Media: Advertising media includes all platforms used for marketing and advertising products and services. This can involve traditional advertising (e.g., TV commercials, print ads) as well as digital advertising (e.g., online banners, social media ads).

8. Alternative Media: Alternative media sources often operate outside the mainstream and may have a specific focus or perspective, such as independent news websites, community radio, or niche publications.

The media plays a vital role in society by informing, entertaining, educating, and influencing public opinion. It has the power to shape perceptions, raise awareness about important issues, and hold individuals and institutions accountable. In an era of digital media and social networking, media consumption and production have become more accessible to individuals, giving rise to a diverse and evolving landscape of information and communication.

The evolution of the media has been a dynamic and transformative journey, shaped by technological advancements, changes in society, and shifts in communication practices. Here is an overview of key milestones in the evolution of the media:

1. Oral Tradition: The earliest form of media was oral communication, where information, stories, and traditions were passed down through spoken word. This tradition predates recorded history and remains a vital part of many cultures.

2. Print Revolution: The invention of the printing press by Johannes Gutenberg in the 15th century was a pivotal moment in media evolution. It enabled the mass production of books, newspapers, and other printed materials, democratizing access to information and knowledge.

3. Newspapers: The 17th and 18th centuries saw the emergence of newspapers, initially as single sheets of news. The spread of newspapers led to the rise of journalism and the dissemination of current events.

4. Telegraph and Telecommunications: The 19th century brought innovations such as the telegraph, which allowed for rapid long-distance communication. Subsequently, the telephone and radio transformed the way people received news and information.

5. Radio and Television: The early 20th century witnessed the birth of radio and television. These mediums became dominant sources of news, entertainment, and cultural influence. They reached broad audiences, shaping popular culture.

6. Internet and Digital Media: The late 20th century and the advent of the internet marked a major shift in media evolution. The internet allowed for the rapid exchange of text, images, audio, and video. The web gave birth to digital media, online journalism, and social networking, altering how people consume and produce content.

7. Social Media: The emergence of social media platforms in the 21st century revolutionized communication. Platforms like Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and YouTube empowered individuals to create and share content, contributing to the rise of user-generated content.

8. Mobile Devices: The proliferation of smartphones and other mobile devices has made information and media available on the go. Mobile apps and responsive websites have become integral to how people access news and entertainment.

9. Streaming Services: Streaming services, like Netflix, Hulu, and YouTube, have disrupted traditional television and film distribution. Users can access content on-demand, leading to the rise of cord-cutting.

10. Citizen Journalism: The ease of online publishing and social media has empowered citizen journalists to report news and share firsthand accounts. This has expanded the sources of news and perspectives.

11. Fake News and Disinformation: The digital age has also brought challenges related to fake news, disinformation, and the manipulation of public opinion. Media literacy has become crucial to discern credible sources from misleading or false information.

12. Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality: Emerging technologies like virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) are shaping new forms of immersive media and entertainment experiences.

13. Podcasting: Podcasting has become a popular medium for audio content, enabling niche discussions, storytelling, and expert interviews.

The evolution of the media has been marked by a democratization of information, increased accessibility, and a shift from traditional media gatekeepers to a more decentralized landscape. The role of traditional media organizations has evolved to adapt to digital and social media, while new forms of media have emerged, transforming how society communicates, consumes content, and interacts with the world. Media continues to play a significant role in shaping public opinion, culture, and the way we experience the world around us.

The regulation of the media is a complex and multifaceted issue that varies from one country to another. Regulation is often intended to balance the need for freedom of expression and the dissemination of information with the responsibility to protect public interests, ensure ethical standards, and prevent harm. Different countries employ various approaches to media regulation. Here are some key aspects and methods of regulating the media:

1. Legal Frameworks: Most countries have legal frameworks that outline the rights and responsibilities of media organizations, journalists, and the public. These frameworks may include laws related to defamation, copyright, privacy, and national security. They define the boundaries within which media operates.

2. Freedom of the Press: Many democratic nations emphasize freedom of the press as a fundamental right. Freedom of the press allows journalists to investigate and report on issues of public concern without government interference.

3. Regulatory Authorities: Some countries establish independent regulatory bodies to oversee the media industry. These bodies may set and enforce standards for content, advertising, and media ownership. They can also address complaints from the public.

4. Media Ownership Rules: Regulations on media ownership aim to prevent excessive concentration of media power in the hands of a few corporations or individuals. In some countries, laws limit the number of media outlets one entity can own.

5. Content Regulation: Laws and regulations can dictate what content is permissible in the media. These rules may address issues like hate speech, obscenity, incitement to violence, and propaganda. Content regulations often balance freedom of speech with protection from harm.

6. Licensing and Registration: Many nations require media outlets to obtain licenses or registration to operate legally. These mechanisms can be used to track and control media organizations and ensure they adhere to legal standards.

7. Journalist Credentials: Some countries require journalists to be accredited or licensed, and these credentials can be revoked if a journalist violates professional or ethical standards.

8. Censorship: In some countries, government authorities engage in media censorship by restricting or controlling content that is deemed undesirable. Censorship can take various forms, including pre-publication review and internet censorship.

9. Self-Regulation: In certain cases, media organizations and professional bodies engage in self-regulation. This approach relies on media outlets and journalists to establish ethical standards, codes of conduct, and mechanisms for addressing complaints from the public.

10. Transparency: Transparency initiatives require media organizations to disclose their sources of funding and affiliations. This helps to identify potential conflicts of interest and bias.

11. Media Literacy and Education: Promoting media literacy and education can help the public better understand and critically evaluate media content. It empowers individuals to navigate the media landscape and distinguish between reliable and unreliable sources.

12. International Agreements: Some aspects of media regulation are addressed through international agreements and organizations. For example, UNESCO promotes media development and freedom of expression worldwide.

The balance between media freedom and regulation is often a topic of debate and concern. Advocates of a free press argue that it is essential for democracy and transparency, while proponents of regulation emphasize the need to protect individuals and society from harmful content or media manipulation. Striking the right balance is a challenge, and media regulation continues to evolve in response to changing technologies and societal expectations.

The media, in its various forms, has a significant impact on society, culture, and individuals. This impact is multifaceted and can be both positive and negative. Here are some of the key ways in which the media influences our lives:

1. Informing and Educating: The media serves as a primary source of news, information, and education. It keeps the public informed about current events, political developments, scientific discoveries, and more. It plays a crucial role in shaping public knowledge and awareness.

2. Shaping Public Opinion: Media outlets have the power to influence public opinion and shape the way people perceive events and issues. Through their reporting and editorial choices, media organizations can set the agenda for public discourse.

3. Entertainment: Television, film, music, and other forms of media provide entertainment and escapism. They offer a source of relaxation and enjoyment for individuals, contributing to the cultural fabric of society.

4. Cultural Influence: Media, including pop culture, can have a profound impact on societal values, norms, and trends. It can shape fashion, music, language, and even societal attitudes toward various issues.

5. Political Influence: Media plays a central role in politics. It covers political campaigns, hosts debates, and influences voter behavior. It can also hold governments and politicians accountable through investigative journalism.

6. Social Awareness: Media can raise awareness about important social issues, including human rights, environmental concerns, and public health. It can promote social change and advocacy for various causes.

7. Economic Impact: Media industries contribute significantly to the economy through advertising, content production, and technological innovation. They provide jobs and drive economic growth.

8. Globalization: The media has facilitated globalization by connecting people and cultures across borders. It has helped disseminate ideas, products, and information globally.

9. Challenges to Privacy: Media, especially in the age of the internet and social media, has raised concerns about the erosion of personal privacy. The widespread sharing of personal information online can have consequences for individuals.

10. Fake News and Misinformation: The spread of fake news and misinformation through digital media has become a pressing issue. It can mislead the public, undermine trust, and have real-world consequences.

11. Media Literacy: The media has prompted discussions about the importance of media literacy. This involves educating individuals on how to critically assess media content and distinguish between reliable and unreliable sources.

12. Social and Psychological Impact: Media can influence behavior, attitudes, and mental health. It can shape self-image, contribute to body image issues, and impact the well-being of individuals.

13. Community Building: Media can help build communities, both online and offline. Social media platforms, in particular, have connected people with shared interests and allowed for the exchange of ideas and support.

14. Accountability: Media can act as a watchdog, holding individuals, institutions, and governments accountable for their actions. Investigative journalism plays a crucial role in uncovering corruption and abuse of power.

15. Technology and Innovation: The media has driven technological innovation, from the printing press to the internet. New media technologies continue to transform the way we access and interact with information.

The impact of the media is complex and varies across different cultures, societies, and contexts. It is essential for individuals to engage with media critically and responsibly, and for society to continue addressing the challenges and opportunities presented by the media landscape.

Locate an article that covered the 2020 presidential election. Look for evidence in the article for priming, framing, and slant. Make sure to include in your assignment:

 

• Name of the article and its author
• Is the article made by a public or private entity?
• Who is the author trying to reach (audience)?
• Are they playing more to one specific ideology and if so, what ideology is it?

Looking at the article as a whole, and based on what you have found in your analysis, do you believe that this article is a credible source? Why?

I can see with this article that in the way that he paints trump and followers is more of a cult leader and a conspiracy creator. When you look at the point in which he mentions “Trump's supporters demonstrated that they all but unquestionably follow their leader, and they can mobilize in large numbers when ordered” it seems like the publisher of the article isn’t pro trump. Same can be said about the picture he paints for Biden which is in a much more positive light. We also see the mention of Cuban immigrants and Latinos but the overall subject seems like it’s written for the average reader. And trying to sway the population to vote against trump making him out to be this evil cult leader that is leading a pack of voters that will do outrageous things. The article is a public one which was posted on U.S.News website and while the source would appear creditable to most people I wouldn’t say it’s an unbiased publication because we see the writer is trying to keep the tempo that Biden is good and trump is a troublemaker and is bad. But I think we all have that tendency when we have a certain belief to lead our readers on based on our own judgements and beliefs' when it comes to matters. I think the bottom line when it comes to reading others articles is always do research and not just blindly follow others provided information when making a decision on any matter whether it be who to vote for or some other matter. 

"Yellow journalism" is a term used to describe a style of journalism that relies on sensationalism, exaggeration, and biased reporting to attract readers and sell newspapers. It often prioritizes attention-grabbing headlines and eye-catching images over accuracy and responsible reporting. The term "yellow journalism" has its origins in the late 19th century when it was associated with a particular type of sensationalist and often unethical reporting.

Key characteristics of yellow journalism include:

1. Sensationalism: Yellow journalism emphasizes sensational and emotionally charged stories, often focusing on crime, scandals, and lurid details. These stories are intended to evoke strong emotional reactions from readers.

2. Exaggeration: Facts may be exaggerated or distorted to make stories more compelling. This can involve inflating the importance of events or distorting the truth.

3. Hearst and Pulitzer: The term "yellow journalism" gained prominence during the circulation war between newspaper magnates William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer in the late 19th century. Both publishers were known for using sensational headlines and stories to sell their newspapers.

4. Use of Pictures: Yellow journalism often uses dramatic and sensational illustrations and images to accompany stories, adding to their sensational appeal.

5. Bias and Partisanship: Yellow journalism is frequently associated with political bias and sensational reporting designed to further a particular political or ideological agenda. This can include character assassination of political opponents.

6. Ethical Concerns: Yellow journalism has been criticized for its lack of journalistic ethics, including the manipulation of facts, unethical practices, and disregard for the potential harm caused by their reporting.

7. Commercial Motivation: The primary motivation behind yellow journalism is often commercial gain. By attracting a large readership with sensational stories, newspapers can increase their circulation and advertising revenue.

It's worth noting that the term "yellow journalism" has historical connotations and is typically associated with a specific era in journalism history. While sensationalism and biased reporting still exist in contemporary media, the term "yellow journalism" is not commonly used to describe modern journalism practices. Modern journalism strives for higher ethical standards, fact-checking, and accountability.

Yellow journalism is an important historical concept that serves as a cautionary example of the potential dangers of prioritizing sensationalism and commercial interests over responsible and objective reporting.

A World's Fair, also known as a World Expo or Universal Exposition, is a large international exhibition that showcases the achievements, innovations, and cultures of nations from around the world. These events serve as platforms for countries to display their technological advancements, artistic and cultural heritage, and economic achievements. World's Fairs have a rich history and have played a significant role in promoting international cooperation and diplomacy.

Here are some key points about World's Fairs:

Historical Background:

1. Origins: The concept of World's Fairs can be traced back to the Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of All Nations, held in London in 1851. This exhibition, organized by Prince Albert and Henry Cole, showcased the industrial and cultural achievements of nations and became a model for future World's Fairs.

2. The Crystal Palace: The Great Exhibition took place in the Crystal Palace, a remarkable structure made of glass and iron. This innovative building design influenced the architecture of later World's Fairs.

Key Characteristics: 3. International Participation: World's Fairs are characterized by the participation of numerous countries. Each nation typically has its own pavilion or exhibition space to display its contributions.

4. Themes: Each World's Fair has a specific theme that reflects the event's focus. Themes can range from technology and industry to culture, education, and sustainability.

5. Innovations: Many technological and cultural innovations have been introduced at World's Fairs. Some famous examples include the Eiffel Tower at the 1889 Paris Exposition and the introduction of the telephone at the 1876 Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia.

Promoting International Relations: 6. Diplomacy: World's Fairs serve as diplomatic events, promoting peaceful international relations and fostering cultural exchange. They offer opportunities for countries to strengthen diplomatic ties.

Prominent World's Fairs: 7. 1893 Chicago World's Columbian Exposition: This World's Fair celebrated the 400th anniversary of Christopher Columbus's arrival in the Americas. It featured the neoclassical "White City" and showcased new inventions like the Ferris wheel.

8. 1889 Paris Exposition Universelle: Held to mark the 100th anniversary of the French Revolution, this fair featured the iconic Eiffel Tower.

9. 1967 Montreal Expo 67: Known for its futuristic architecture and displays, this fair was held during Canada's centennial celebrations.

10. 2010 Shanghai World Expo: With the theme "Better City, Better Life," this event in China attracted a record number of visitors.

Legacy: 11. Urban Development: Many World's Fairs have had a lasting impact on host cities, leading to urban development, new infrastructure, and architectural landmarks.

12. Cultural Exchange: World's Fairs promote cultural exchange and appreciation for the diversity of nations. They often include performances, art exhibitions, and international cuisine.

While World's Fairs have evolved over time, they continue to be important global events that celebrate human achievement, foster international cooperation, and showcase innovations that shape the future. The Bureau International des Expositions (BIE) is the international organization responsible for overseeing and regulating World's Fairs.

"Framing" in the context of communication and media refers to the way in which information, issues, or events are presented to the public. It involves the selection and arrangement of information and the use of language, visuals, and context to influence how people perceive and interpret the subject matter. Framing can significantly impact public opinion, attitudes, and behavior.

Key points related to framing include:

1. Perspective: Framing involves selecting a particular perspective or viewpoint from which to present a topic. This can influence how the audience understands the issue. Different frames can emphasize different aspects of the same subject.

2. Language and Tone: The choice of language, words, and tone used in communication can frame an issue in a certain way. For example, describing an economic downturn as a "recession" versus a "depression" can evoke different emotional responses.

3. Visuals: Visual elements, such as images and graphics, are powerful framing tools. The selection of visuals to accompany a story can reinforce or change the narrative.

4. Metaphors: Metaphors are often used to frame complex or abstract concepts in more relatable terms. For example, describing an economy as a "well-oiled machine" frames it as efficient and functional.

5. Emphasis and Omission: Framing can involve emphasizing certain information and omitting others to shape the narrative. What is included and what is left out can affect the audience's perception of an issue.

6. Priming: Framing can prime the audience to think about a subject in a certain way. By introducing specific ideas or concepts before discussing the main issue, the audience's response can be influenced.

7. Conflict Framing: Issues can be framed in terms of conflict or controversy. This framing emphasizes differences of opinion and can lead to a polarized understanding of the issue.

8. Solution-Oriented Framing: This approach focuses on potential solutions to a problem rather than just highlighting the problem itself. It can promote a more positive and action-oriented response.

9. Crisis Framing: In crisis situations, media and communicators may frame the event as a crisis, emphasizing urgency and the need for immediate action.

10. Issue Ownership: Different political or interest groups may seek to "own" an issue by framing it in a way that aligns with their goals and values.

Framing is a powerful tool used in journalism, advertising, political communication, and public relations to shape public perception and influence decision-making. It is important for consumers of media to be aware of framing techniques and critically evaluate information to understand the multiple perspectives and nuances of a given issue.

The use of radio by a president to calm the public's fears about the economy is a historical example of how media can be used for political communication and reassurance during times of economic uncertainty. This practice became especially prominent during the Great Depression in the 1930s when the U.S. faced one of its most severe economic crises.

One of the most notable presidents who used radio effectively during this period was Franklin D. Roosevelt. He was elected as the 32nd President of the United States in 1933 and implemented a series of policies and initiatives known as the New Deal to address the economic challenges of the Great Depression. To communicate these policies and provide reassurance to the American people, Roosevelt utilized a series of radio broadcasts known as "fireside chats."

The fireside chats were a series of evening radio addresses in which President Roosevelt spoke directly to the American people. These chats, delivered in a calm and reassuring manner, aimed to explain the administration's actions and policies to address economic issues and instill confidence in the government's ability to lead the country out of the crisis. The term "fireside chat" evoked the image of the president speaking to the American people as if he were sitting by their fireside, having a personal and reassuring conversation.

FDR's fireside chats covered a wide range of topics, including banking reform, relief measures, and the economy. One of the most famous chats was on the topic of banking and was delivered on March 12, 1933, just days after Roosevelt's inauguration. In this chat, he explained the steps taken to stabilize the banking system, reassure the public, and encourage them to return their trust and confidence in banks.

The fireside chats were an innovative use of radio to directly reach and engage the American public. They were instrumental in reducing fear and uncertainty during a tumultuous period and helped build public support for the New Deal policies. Roosevelt's mastery of the medium and his reassuring tone made these broadcasts an effective tool for presidential communication.

Overall, the use of radio to address economic fears was a significant chapter in the history of political communication and demonstrates how media can be harnessed to provide information, reassurance, and leadership during times of crisis.

Mass media refers to a diverse range of media technologies and platforms that have the ability to reach a large audience. It plays a central role in shaping public opinion, disseminating information, and influencing culture and society. Mass media encompasses various forms of communication, including print, broadcast, and digital media, as well as social media and online platforms. Here are some key components and characteristics of mass media:

1. Types of Mass Media:

   • Print Media: This category includes newspapers, magazines, brochures, and other materials that are physically printed and distributed.
   • Broadcast Media: Broadcast media includes radio and television, which transmit information and content through airwaves to a wide audience.
   • Digital Media: Digital media encompasses online platforms, websites, blogs, podcasts, and streaming services that deliver content over the internet.
   • Social Media: Social media platforms like Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and YouTube enable users to create, share, and interact with content, making them powerful tools for communication and information dissemination.

2. Characteristics of Mass Media:

   • Mass Audience: Mass media is designed to reach a broad and diverse audience, including people from various backgrounds, demographics, and locations.
   • One-to-Many Communication: Mass media enables one sender (e.g., a media organization) to communicate with a large, dispersed audience simultaneously.
   • Interactivity: While traditional mass media is one-way communication, digital and social media allow for greater interactivity, enabling users to engage with and respond to content.
   • Gatekeeping: Media organizations, editors, and producers often serve as gatekeepers who determine what content is published or broadcast, influencing public discourse.

3. Roles and Functions:

   • Informing: Mass media provides news and information on a wide range of topics, including current events, politics, science, and culture.
   • Educating: Educational programs and documentaries on television and online platforms contribute to learning and knowledge dissemination.
   • Entertaining: Mass media offers entertainment content such as movies, music, television shows, and games.
   • Persuading: Advertising and marketing through mass media aim to influence consumer behavior and purchasing decisions.
   • Mobilizing: Mass media can play a role in mobilizing public opinion, activism, and social movements.

4. Challenges and Impact:

   • Media Bias: The potential for bias in reporting and content selection can affect the objectivity and credibility of mass media.
   • Fake News: The spread of false or misleading information through mass media, particularly on digital and social platforms, is a significant concern.
   • Privacy Concerns: Issues related to personal privacy and data security have become central in the digital age.
   • Media Regulation: Governments and regulatory bodies may impose restrictions and regulations on mass media to address issues like content standards and ownership concentration.

Mass media plays a crucial role in shaping public discourse, disseminating information, influencing public opinion, and reflecting societal values. It has the power to inform, educate, entertain, and impact society and culture in profound ways. The evolution of mass media in the digital age has brought new opportunities and challenges, with the potential for both greater interactivity and increased information overload.

Thematic framing is a concept in media and communication studies that focuses on the way in which media outlets or communicators emphasize certain themes or topics within their reporting or messaging. Thematic framing involves selecting and highlighting specific themes, issues, or subjects in order to shape the way an audience perceives and understands a given topic. This framing technique can influence the audience's perspective, priorities, and attitudes regarding the subject matter.

Key aspects of thematic framing include:

1. Theme Selection: Media outlets, communicators, or journalists choose which themes or issues to highlight in their reporting or messages. The themes selected often align with the media outlet's editorial stance, the communicator's goals, or the interests of their target audience.

2. Emphasis on Issues: Thematic framing involves emphasizing particular issues, events, or aspects of a story while downplaying or omitting others. The selection of issues and the extent of emphasis can influence how an audience perceives the topic.

3. Public Agenda Setting: By framing certain themes prominently, media outlets can influence what topics are on the public's agenda and what issues receive attention. This is known as agenda-setting theory.

4. Audience Perception: Thematic framing can impact how the audience perceives and interprets the subject matter. It can shape the audience's understanding, priorities, and emotional responses.

5. Persuasion and Advocacy: Thematic framing can be used for persuasive purposes. Advocacy groups, politicians, and public relations practitioners often employ thematic framing to advance their messages or policy positions.

6. Political Framing: In the context of politics, thematic framing is used to present political issues, candidates, or policies in a particular light. For example, framing a political issue as a matter of "national security" versus "individual rights" can lead to different public responses.

7. Cultural Framing: Thematic framing is also important in cultural contexts. Cultural themes can be highlighted to reinforce or challenge social norms, values, and identity.

Examples of thematic framing might include news coverage that frames a natural disaster as a story of resilience and community support, or as a story of government incompetence and failure. In both cases, the same event is framed differently to emphasize different themes and issues.

Understanding thematic framing is important for media literacy, as it allows individuals to critically analyze media content and recognize how the selection and presentation of themes can influence public opinion and understanding. It also highlights the role of media outlets, communicators, and journalists in shaping public discourse and agendas.

Chapter 8 Quiz

Question 1

1 / 1 pts

Journalism that presents stories of scandalous nature to attract readers is known as _____.

  muckraking 

Correct!yellow journalism 

  party pressing 

  orange journalism 

 

Question 2

1 / 1 pts

The first official television broadcast was in New York at President’s Roosevelt’s opening of which event?

  Grand opening of the first television station 

  Independence Day 

  The World Series 

Correct!The World’s Fair 

 

Question 3

1 / 1 pts

The practice of altering the context of a story to affect perception is known as _____.

Correct!framing 

  filtering 

  slant 

  priming 

 

Question 4

1 / 1 pts

Which president used radio to quiet the public’s fears about the economy?

  Herbert Hoover 

  Dwight D. Eisenhower 

Correct!Franklin D. Roosevelt 

  Harry S. Truman 

 

Question 5

1 / 1 pts

The term _______ refers to the television, radio, print, and Internet.

  social media 

Correct!mass media 

  corporate media 

  public media 

 

Question 6

1 / 1 pts

Which of the following is an example of how media affects citizens through the creation of a narrative?

  Cultivation 

  Context 

  Priming 

Correct!Framing 

 

Question 7

1 / 1 pts

Where was the first continuous print press started?

Correct!Boston 

  Washington, D.C. 

  Jamestown 

  Plymouth 

 

Question 8

1 / 1 pts

Which news outlet slanted coverage in favor of Romney in the 2012 election?

Correct!Fox 

  CSPAN 

  MSNBC 

  CNN 

 

Question 9

1 / 1 pts

The use of which of the following terms in media coverage is an example of bias?

  Unsupervised immigrant 

  Undocumented immigrant 

Correct!Illegal immigrant 

  Unauthorized immigrant 

 

Question 10

1 / 1 pts

Candidates want coverage in which of the following?

  Muckraking journalism 

  Yellow journalism 

  Soft news 

Correct!Hard news 

 

Question 11

1 / 1 pts

The radio was used to pitch the New Deal to the American public in what became known as ____.

Correct!the Fireside chats 

  Watergate 

  the ND chats 

  newscasting 

 

Question 12

1 / 1 pts

What is the act of printing false information with the intention to harm a person?

  Slander 

  Sunshine Law 

Correct!Libel 

  Fairness Doctrine 

 

Question 13

1 / 1 pts

Which of the following owns and produces digital and print media?

  Social Mmedia 

Correct!Publishers 

  Journalists 

  Cable companies 

 

Question 14

1 / 1 pts

If you wanted access to declassified information, you can file a(n) _____ request.

  OAA 

  OIA 

Correct!FOIA 

  FAIA 

 

Question 15

1 / 1 pts

Which of the following perspectives offers a broad look at an issue and skips details?

Correct!Thematic Framing 

  Cultivation Theory 

  Episodic Framing 

  Hypodermic Theory 

 

Question 16

1 / 1 pts

During the 1930s and 1940s, what was the second step in transmitting information?

  Posting signs 

  Reading the news 

Correct!Sharing information with friends 

  Attending political rallies 

 

Question 17

1 / 1 pts

The practice providing for more transparent government and engaging the watchdog function is known as _____.

  indecency privilege 

Correct!reporter’s privilege 

  equal-time doctrine 

  fairness doctrine 

 

Question 18

1 / 1 pts

Which group is responsible for uncovering news stories?

  Publishers 

  Editors 

  Media specialists 

Correct!Journalists 

 

Question 19

1 / 1 pts

Media outlets do NOT function as ____.

  filters 

  watchdogs 

  muckrakers 

Correct!representatives 

 

Question 20

1 / 1 pts

What is the practice of granting anonymity to a news source?

  Freedom of Speech 

  Fairness Doctrine 

  Sunshine Law 

Correct!Reporter’s Privilege