American Government PSC101 1007 Chapter 1

What is government?

Government is a complex and multifaceted concept, but at its core, it refers to the system or institution that exercises authority and control over a specific geographic area, population, or organization. Governments are responsible for making and enforcing rules, regulations, and laws that govern society, maintaining order, providing services, and representing the interests of their constituents.

Key characteristics and functions of government include:

1. Authority: Governments have the legitimate authority to make and enforce laws within their jurisdiction. This authority is typically derived from constitutions, charters, or legal frameworks.

2. Sovereignty: Governments exercise control and authority within defined territorial boundaries and are recognized as the highest authority within that territory. They are sovereign entities.

3. Legislation: Governments create laws, regulations, and policies that establish rules for behavior, commerce, and public conduct. These laws can cover a wide range of issues, from criminal justice to taxation to environmental regulations.

4. Enforcement: Governments have law enforcement agencies, such as the police and judiciary, to ensure that laws are followed and to address violations. This includes the power to investigate, prosecute, and adjudicate legal matters.

5. Protection: Governments are responsible for national defense and maintaining the safety and security of their citizens. This can involve military forces, intelligence agencies, and diplomatic efforts.

6. Public Services: Governments provide essential public services, such as education, healthcare, infrastructure development (e.g., roads, bridges), sanitation, and public transportation.

7. Representation: In democratic systems, governments represent the interests of their citizens through elected officials, such as presidents, legislators, and local government leaders. They make decisions on behalf of the population.

8. Taxation: Governments collect taxes from individuals and businesses to fund public services, infrastructure, and government operations.

9. Foreign Relations: Governments engage in diplomacy and international relations with other countries, representing their interests on the global stage and negotiating treaties and agreements.

10. Social Welfare: Some governments administer social welfare programs to support vulnerable or disadvantaged populations, including unemployment benefits, housing assistance, and food aid.

11. Economic Regulation: Governments often play a role in regulating economic activities, including trade, commerce, labor laws, and consumer protection.

Governments can take various forms, including democracies, monarchies, authoritarian regimes, and more. The specific structure, powers, and functions of a government depend on its type and the legal framework established within a given country or region.

It's important to note that the nature of government can vary widely from one nation to another, reflecting different historical, cultural, and political contexts. The study of government and political science explores these variations and the principles underlying governance. 

"Who Governs?" is a fundamental question in political science that addresses the distribution of power and influence in a society or political system. There are several theories and perspectives that attempt to answer this question, including elitism, pluralism, and the recognition of tradeoffs between competing interests.

1. Elitism:

   • Elitism is a political theory that suggests that power and decision-making are concentrated in the hands of a small, privileged, and influential elite or ruling class.
   • According to elitist theories, the elite class, often defined by factors like wealth, social status, or access to resources, holds disproportionate influence over government policies and decisions.
   • Elitists argue that the masses have limited political power and are mostly passive participants in the political process.

2. Pluralism:

   • Pluralism is a contrasting theory that asserts that power in a society is distributed among a variety of interest groups, organizations, and individuals.
   • Pluralists argue that no single group or elite holds a monopoly on power, and that different interest groups compete for influence in a decentralized and open political system.
   • In pluralist democracies, various interest groups represent diverse segments of society, and decisions are reached through negotiation, compromise, and democratic processes.

3. Tradeoffs:

   • The idea of tradeoffs recognizes that governance involves balancing competing interests and making policy decisions that may not satisfy all stakeholders equally.
   • In democratic systems, elected officials must navigate complex tradeoffs between different policy goals, such as economic growth, social welfare, environmental protection, and national security.
   • Tradeoffs reflect the reality that no single policy or decision can fully satisfy all citizens or interest groups.

In practice, many political systems exhibit elements of both elitism and pluralism, with power and influence distributed across a spectrum of actors. Moreover, the dynamics of who governs can vary depending on the specific issue or policy area under consideration.

Theories of who governs are central to the study of political science and help researchers and policymakers understand the dynamics of power and decision-making in different contexts. They also inform debates about the nature of democracy, representation, and the role of interest groups in shaping public policy.

Ultimately, the question of "Who Governs?" remains a complex and evolving topic, and different societies and political systems may provide different answers based on their unique historical, social, and political conditions.

Engagement in a democracy refers to the active participation of citizens in the political process, including activities such as voting, advocacy, civic volunteering, and informed decision-making. A thriving democracy depends on the engagement of its citizens, as it ensures that the government remains accountable, responsive to the needs of the people, and representative of diverse perspectives. Here are some key aspects of engagement in a democracy:

1. Voting: Voting is one of the most fundamental forms of civic engagement in a democracy. Citizens have the right and responsibility to cast their votes in elections to choose their representatives at various levels of government. High voter turnout is a positive indicator of citizen engagement.

2. Political Awareness: Informed citizens are essential for a functioning democracy. Engagement includes staying informed about current events, government policies, and political issues. This can involve reading newspapers, watching news programs, and critically evaluating sources of information.

3. Civic Education: Civic education programs help citizens understand how government works, their rights and responsibilities, and the importance of civic engagement. These programs are often taught in schools and can also be provided through community organizations.

4. Advocacy and Activism: Engaged citizens often become advocates for causes they care about. They may participate in protests, join advocacy groups, write letters to elected officials, and campaign for policy changes.

5. Community Involvement: Engagement extends beyond the political sphere. Citizens can engage in their communities by volunteering, participating in local government meetings, and addressing issues affecting their neighborhoods.

6. Participation in Public Discourse: Engaged citizens actively contribute to public discourse by expressing their views and engaging in debates and discussions about important issues. This can occur in various forums, including social media, town hall meetings, and public hearings.

7. Running for Office: Some citizens choose to take their engagement to the next level by running for political office. Becoming an elected representative allows individuals to directly influence policy decisions.

8. Supporting Democratic Institutions: Engaged citizens support and defend the institutions of democracy, including the rule of law, an independent judiciary, and a free press. They recognize the importance of these institutions in safeguarding democracy.

9. Election Monitoring: Engaged citizens may participate in election monitoring efforts to ensure that elections are free, fair, and transparent. This can involve observing polling stations and reporting any irregularities.

10. Respect for Diversity: Engaged citizens respect and value diversity of opinion and perspective. Healthy democracies thrive on a diversity of voices and ideas, and engagement includes listening to and considering different viewpoints.

Efforts to promote and enhance citizen engagement are critical to the health and vitality of a democracy. Governments, civil society organizations, and educational institutions often play roles in fostering engagement by providing opportunities for civic education, promoting voter registration, and encouraging active participation in civic life.

Ultimately, a robust and engaged citizenry is essential for holding governments accountable, shaping public policies, and ensuring that democracy remains a system that reflects the will and interests of the people.

Chapter 1 Discussion

Are all Americans equally able to become engaged in the government? What factors make it more possible for some people to become engaged than others? What could be done to change this? 

No not all Americans are equally able to get engaged in the government. Certain individuals are able to more easily enter the government through personal relationships. Some include different factors such as a combination of influence or money or connections. Some are picked base on race, age and ethnicity or social status. Should be appointing people based on merit and should stop personal appointments and work towards eradicating all types of discrimination. Most of us see favoritism in all types of jobs and feel the effects of it. You often see people who aren't qualified but are in good with others get promotions to jobs that they don't have the merit or skills to accomplish. I see that working for a government job but if you attempt to bring up those issues then people will look for ways to get rid of you so often you just stay quiet and don't step on any toes.  

The ability of Americans to become engaged in government can vary significantly based on a range of factors. Here are some key factors that can affect a person's ability to become engaged in government and ways to address these disparities:

1. Access to Information:

   • Factor: Access to information about government and political issues is crucial for engagement. Some individuals may have limited access to reliable news sources or may not be well-informed about political matters.
   • Solution: Improve access to information by promoting media literacy and providing access to unbiased news sources. Invest in civic education programs in schools to ensure that students are well-informed about government and politics.

2. Education and Awareness:

   • Factor: Education levels can significantly impact political engagement. Higher-educated individuals may have a better understanding of political processes and may be more likely to participate.
   • Solution: Promote educational equity and civic education in schools to ensure that all students have a strong understanding of government and politics. Encourage lifelong learning through accessible adult education programs.

3. Economic Resources:

   • Factor: Financial resources can play a role in political engagement. Individuals with greater financial stability may have more time and resources to devote to civic activities.
   • Solution: Support policies that reduce economic inequality, provide financial assistance for low-income individuals to participate in civic activities, and create paid opportunities for community involvement.

4. Barriers to Voting:

   • Factor: Voter suppression laws, restrictions on voting, and lack of convenient voting options can hinder engagement.
   • Solution: Advocate for voting rights and reforms that make it easier for all eligible citizens to vote, such as expanded early voting, vote-by-mail options, and efforts to combat voter suppression.

5. Community Engagement:

   • Factor: Community involvement and social networks can influence political engagement. People who are part of active communities may be more likely to participate.
   • Solution: Encourage community building and social connections through local organizations, clubs, and events. Promote grassroots organizing and community-based initiatives to engage citizens in local politics.

6. Representation:

   • Factor: Lack of representation can discourage engagement, especially among marginalized communities.
   • Solution: Support efforts to increase diversity and representation in government at all levels. Encourage individuals from underrepresented groups to run for office and participate in decision-making processes.

7. Political Apathy and Distrust:

   • Factor: Some individuals may feel disenchanted with the political system and disengaged due to a perceived lack of impact.
   • Solution: Promote transparency, accountability, and responsive governance to rebuild trust. Encourage individuals to become involved in issue-based advocacy and grassroots movements to see the impact of collective action.

8. Civic Education and Engagement Programs:

   • Solution: Invest in civic education programs, workshops, and initiatives that teach individuals how to get involved in government, advocate for their interests, and participate in civic activities effectively.

It's essential to recognize that increasing engagement in government is an ongoing process that requires a multifaceted approach. By addressing these factors and promoting inclusivity, access, and education, it is possible to make government engagement more accessible to all Americans.

Chapter 1 Quiz: American Government and Civic Engagement:

What influences government action and public policy? The founding fathers Tradeoff's and compromises Global perspectives The Constitution Question 2 1 / 1 pts Majority rule tends to be favored by which type of government? Monarchy Representative government Direct democracy Authoritarian government Question 3 1 / 1 pts Under which governing system are the means of generating wealth owned by the government and not private individuals? Socialism Representative Democracy Monarchy Oligarchy Question 4 1 / 1 pts A democratic system in which all citizens are encouraged to participate in governing is referred to as __________. direct democracy republican democracy pluralist democracy indirect democracy Question 5 1 / 1 pts According to Putnam, how do people prefer to work? High recognition As a part of small team In small organizations with high interaction Individually Question 1 1 / 1 pts Although the United States is a democracy, policy is often made to suit whom? The interests of judicial leaders The interests of the executive branch The interests of many The interests of a few Question 2 1 / 1 pts What is efficacy? The belief that citizens do not care about government policies The belief that citizens care about government policies The belief that government cares about you and your views The belief that government does not care about you and your views Question 3 1 / 1 pts An astroturf movement is often supported by whom? Wealthy elites College students Teachers Children Question 4 1 / 1 pts Which act requires lobbyists and interest groups to register with the federal government? Federal Election Campaign Act Honest Leadership and Open Government Act Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act The Lobbying Disclosure Act Question 5 1 / 1 pts Which of the following is a belief of a neo pluralist? Wealthy interest groups always get what they want. Interest groups in a privileged position receive more attention. Corporate interest groups always get what they want. Some interests are influenced by political environment. Question 6 1 / 1 pts What is outside lobbying? Conveying an organization’s message directly to lawmakers in an attempt to influence policy Conveying an organization’s message to lawmakers, in hopes that they will pressure the public Conveying an organization’s message to the public, in hopes that they will pressure lawmakers Conveying an organization’s message to the president, in hopes that he will pressure lawmakers Question 7 1 / 1 pts How can lawmakers benefit from lobbyists’ information? Lawmakers may receive monetary incentives. Lawmakers may support an idea the will facilitate reelection. Lawmakers may support an idea that may be consistent with Constitution. Lawmakers may use this to blackmail a candidate from another party. Question 8 1 / 1 pts Which of the following is an advantage of a group with financial resources? It is well respected. It has more tax advantages. It can focus on objectives It can offer incentives. Question 9 0 / 1 pts What is a purposive incentive? You Answered Benefits granted to people that like to associate with those who are similar to them Monetary or physical benefits given to group members to help promote a policy Monetary or physical benefits given to group members to help overcome a collective action problems Benefits to overcome collective action problems and appeal to people’s support of an issue Question 10 1 / 1 pts What is the free rider problem? Government benefits for illegal immigrants When some individuals receive benefits without helping to bear the cost Government assistance for the disabled When the individuals who bear the cost also receive the benefit Question 11 1 / 1 pts What did the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act ban? Communication between lawmakers and interest groups while Congress is in session Parties from collecting and distributing unregulated money Expenditures by candidates and their families Interest groups from supporting candidates in two different political parties Question 12 1 / 1 pts What is an advantage to disclosure requirements? They offer financial incentives. They promote transparency. They promote democracy. They set a precedence. Question 13 1 / 1 pts How much may corporations donate to super PACs? Unlimited $15,000 They may not donate to Super PACs. $5,000 Question 14 1 / 1 pts Why do interest groups support candidates with similar views? To remain in compliance with the Disclosure Act To appear favorably in media coverage To gain access to them once they are in office To gain access to confidential information Question 15 1 / 1 pts What do revolving door laws prevent? Lawmakers may not be succeeded by a family member. Lawmakers may not lobby government immediately after leaving public office. Lawmakers may not support candidates from a different party. Lawmakers may not run for a safe position in another district.

Question 16 1 / 1 pts Why are large corporations more likely to participate in the political process? To influence the media A large amount of resources Government mandate Social responsibility Question 17 1 / 1 pts What do public interest groups promote? Private goods Public goods New laws Foreign policy Question 18 1 / 1 pts What is a group of institutions that organize around a common set of concerns within a given industry? Association Legislative liaisons Lobbyists National conferences Question 19 1 / 1 pts Which of the following is a grassroots movement? A political movement that begins with leaders concerned about agricultural issues A political movement that begins with government officials concerned about an issue A political movement that begins with corporations concerned about an issue A political movement that begins with average citizens concerned about an issue Question 20 1 / 1 pts What is the minimum amount of time spent representing interests groups that would require lobbyists to register in accordance with the Lobbying Disclosure Act? 20 percent 50 percent 100 percent 10 percent Question 21 1 / 1 pts In addition to influencing policy, which of the following is a goal of interest groups? Evaluate media trends Monitor government activity Liaison between political parties Select political candidates Question 22 1 / 1 pts What is a group of people with different interests working together to support a particular issue? Fragmentation Issue network Tea Party Efficacy Question 23 1 / 1 pts What did President Obama’s Executive Order 13490 prohibit for appointees in the executive branch? Accepting gifts from senators Accepting appointments from foreign governments Accepting gifts from the president Accepting gifts from lobbyists Question 24 1 / 1 pts What gives lawmakers an indication of how to vote on an issue? Polls Voting cues Voting ballots Electoral votes Question 25 1 / 1 pts What causes collective action problems? When people protest to raise awareness When people unite to promote a cause When people express concern about inequality When people do not have an incentive to take action

In which political system do people govern themselves? Government Democracy Oligarchy Plutocracy Which system only allows members of a ruling elite to govern? Oligarchy Democracy Monarchy Democracy Under which of the following systems does the government control every aspect of citizen’s lives? Oligarchy Direct democracy Pluralist democracy Totalitarian Members of the Senate and House should vote in support of whom? People who live in their district The majority of American citizens Voting constituents The elites Young Americans are more likely to engage in what form of political engagement? Donate to political parties Lobby congress Engage in community action Canvas What term refers to the process of gaining control within a government for the purpose of achieving goals within a nation? Politics Government Democracy Oligarchy Civic engagement can increase the power of ordinary people to influence what? Allocation of funds Government actions Passage of bills Dispersion of taxes Under which theory will people with shared interests form groups to make their desires known to politicians? Elitist theory Representative democracy Pluralist theory Political theory If a democracy adopted an egalitarian view, it may take what steps to deconstruct socioeconomic inequalities? Wiretap your phone Raise taxes Restrict citizen political participation Restrict freedom of speech The fear that a set of elite citizens controls government is known as what? Group theory Participatory theory Elite theory Pluralist theory