CIS101 Personal Computer Applications Chapter 1

 Introduction to the Internet

The Internet has become an integral aspect of daily life for individuals globally. However, for those unfamiliar with its usage, the influx of new information can initially seem overwhelming.

In this tutorial, our aim is to address fundamental queries you might have about the Internet and its functionalities. By the end of this guide, you will possess a comprehensive understanding of the Internet's mechanisms, the process of connecting to it, and navigating the vast landscape of the World Wide Web.

What is the Internet?

The Internet constitutes a worldwide network encompassing billions of computers and various electronic devices. This interconnected web empowers users to effortlessly access an extensive array of information, communicate with individuals worldwide, and engage in myriad other activities.

To tap into these capabilities, one simply needs to connect a computer to the Internet, commonly referred to as going online. When someone mentions that a computer is online, they are essentially indicating that the device is actively linked to the vast expanse of the Internet.

What is the Web?

The World Wide Web, commonly known as the Web, is a conglomerate of diverse websites accessible through the Internet. A website comprises interconnected text, images, and various resources. These websites can mirror traditional media formats such as newspaper articles or television programs, or they can offer a distinctive interactive experience tailored to the capabilities of computers.

The purposes of websites are incredibly varied, serving as platforms for news dissemination, advertising, digital libraries, image-sharing forums, or educational hubs, like our own site!

Upon establishing an Internet connection, you gain the ability to explore and view websites through a specialized application known as a web browser. It's crucial to note that the web browser is not synonymous with the Internet itself; rather, it serves as a tool for presenting and navigating the content hosted on the Internet.

How does the Internet work?

You might be curious about how the Internet operates. While delving into the intricate details can be quite complex and time-consuming, let's focus on some key insights.

The Internet functions as a global network interconnected by physical cables, encompassing various mediums like copper telephone wires, TV cables, and fiber optic cables. Even wireless connections like Wi-Fi and 3G/4G rely on these physical cables for Internet access.

When you access a website, your computer transmits a request through these cables to a server, essentially a storage facility for websites that operates akin to your computer's hard drive. Upon receiving the request, the server retrieves the website and promptly transmits the relevant data back to your computer—all of this occurring within a matter of seconds!

For a more in-depth understanding, you can watch the informative video below from Tata Communications, shedding light on the intricacies of how the Internet functions.

Beyond its communication capabilities, the Internet offers a plethora of functionalities. A standout feature is the near-instantaneous communication with individuals worldwide. Email, a time-tested and universally adopted means of communication, facilitates the sharing of information on an extensive scale, with billions of users leveraging its utility. Social media platforms provide diverse avenues for people to connect, fostering online communities and enabling varied forms of interaction. The Internet's expansively offerings extend far beyond mere communication, contributing to a rich tapestry of interconnected activities and experiences.

The Internet unfolds a myriad of possibilities beyond communication. Whether staying abreast of current events, indulging in online shopping with an abundance of choices, managing financial transactions like bill payments and bank accounts, expanding social circles by meeting new people, tuning into television shows, or acquiring new skills through online learning platforms—its versatile offerings empower users to explore and engage in an extensive array of activities. In essence, the Internet serves as a boundless realm where learning, entertainment, and practical tasks seamlessly converge, making nearly any pursuit accessible and achievable online.

Lesson 2: What Can You Do Online?

The possibilities on the Internet are virtually boundless. It serves as a dynamic platform that facilitates quick access to information, global communication, financial management, online shopping, music streaming, video watching, and an array of other activities. Let's delve into some of the common uses of the Internet today.

Finding Information Online:

The Internet boasts billions of websites, offering an expansive repository of information. Search engines play a pivotal role in simplifying this wealth of information retrieval. By entering a few keywords, the search engine scours the web for pertinent websites. For instance, if you're in the market for a new pair of shoes, a quick online search can provide insights into various shoe types, direct you to a nearby store, or even guide you to online platforms where you can make a purchase. The Internet's capacity to swiftly deliver information enhances its utility as a powerful tool for knowledge acquisition and exploration.

Several search engines are at your disposal, with some of the most widely used being Google, Yahoo!, and Bing.

Email:

Email, an abbreviation for electronic mail, serves as a fundamental means of sending and receiving messages across the Internet. Virtually every Internet user possesses an email account, typically identified by a unique email address. This email address is a prerequisite for a myriad of online activities, ranging from online banking to establishing a presence on platforms like Facebook. The ubiquity of email underscores its indispensable role in facilitating digital communication and engagement.

Social networking websites offer a dynamic platform for connecting and sharing with family and friends in the online realm. Unlike the more limited reach of email communication, social networks streamline the process of connecting and sharing with a broader audience simultaneously. Notably, Facebook stands out as the largest social networking site globally, boasting over 1 billion users who engage in diverse forms of online interaction and content sharing. These platforms redefine the landscape of digital socialization, enabling users to forge connections and disseminate information on an unprecedented scale.

Chat and instant messaging (IM) represent modes of real-time communication through short, swiftly exchanged messages, offering a more rapid and immediate form of conversation compared to emails. This communication method is particularly effective when all involved parties are online, ensuring that messages are promptly received and read in the moment. In contrast, emails rely on recipients checking their inboxes and may not be seen until a later time, emphasizing the real-time advantage that chat and instant messaging bring to online communication.

Instant messaging applications, such as Yahoo Messenger, Google Hangouts, and Discord exemplify the diversity of platforms that facilitate real-time communication. Notably, certain websites, including Gmail and Facebook, offer integrated chat features within web browsers, further expanding the accessibility and convenience of instant messaging. These applications and features enhance the seamless nature of online communication, providing users with various options to engage in dynamic and instantaneous conversations.

The online media landscape provides a multitude of platforms for watching videos and listening to music. YouTube, for instance, offers access to millions of videos, while Pandora allows users to enjoy Internet radio. Services like Netflix and Hulu extend the experience to movies and TV shows. Additionally, with a set-top streaming box, you can seamlessly transition from a computer screen to watching content directly on your television, enhancing the overall viewing experience. The diversity of these online media services caters to a broad spectrum of preferences, making entertainment accessible across various devices and platforms.

The Internet proves invaluable for streamlining everyday tasks and errands, offering a range of conveniences. Tasks such as managing your bank account, paying bills, and shopping for a wide array of items can be efficiently accomplished online. The key advantage lies in the unparalleled convenience it affords—you can perform these tasks from the comfort of your home, eliminating the need to traverse from one location to another. This seamless integration of everyday activities into the online sphere enhances efficiency and simplifies the overall process of managing essential aspects of daily life.

How do I connect to the Internet?

After configuring your computer, the next step is acquiring home Internet access to enable activities such as emailing, web browsing, and video streaming. Establishing a home wireless network, often referred to as Wi-Fi, further enhances connectivity by enabling multiple devices to access the Internet simultaneously.

For a comprehensive guide on connecting to the Internet, watch the video provided below. It will walk you through the essential steps to ensure a seamless and efficient connection experience.

Types of Internet service

Selecting the right Internet service depends largely on the offerings of Internet service providers (ISPs) in your area. Here are some common types of Internet service:

Dial-up:

This is typically the slowest Internet connection and is recommended only if no other services are available. Dial-up uses your phone line, limiting simultaneous use of your landline and the Internet.

DSL:

DSL service offers a broadband connection, faster than dial-up. It connects through a phone line but doesn't require a landline. DSL allows simultaneous use of the Internet and phone line.

Cable:

Cable service connects through cable TV lines, not necessarily requiring cable TV subscription. It provides a broadband connection, faster than both dial-up and DSL, but its availability is tied to areas with cable TV infrastructure.

Satellite:

A satellite connection uses broadband and doesn't rely on cable or phone lines, connecting through satellites orbiting the Earth. It offers broad accessibility but may be affected by weather conditions and is typically slower than DSL or cable.

4G and 5G:

Primarily used with mobile phones, 4G and 5G service connects wirelessly through your ISP's network. While convenient, these connections may not be as fast as DSL or cable and often come with data usage limitations not typical of most broadband plans.

Choosing an Internet service provider

Now that you're equipped with knowledge about the diverse Internet services available, it's time to explore the specific Internet Service Providers (ISPs) accessible in your locality. If you're unsure where to begin, initiating conversations with friends, family, and neighbors about their preferred ISPs can provide valuable insights into the available options in your area.

ISPs typically present a range of service tiers, each offering different Internet speeds, commonly measured in Mbps (megabits per second). For basic tasks like email and social networking, a moderate connection speed (around 2 to 5 Mbps) might suffice. However, if your online activities involve downloading music or streaming videos, you'll benefit from a faster connection, ideally at least 5 Mbps or higher.

Factor in the overall cost of the service, encompassing installation fees and monthly charges. As a general rule, swiffer connections tend to incur higher monthly expenses.

While dial-up has conventionally been perceived as the more economical choice, it's important to note that many ISPs have adjusted dial-up prices to align with broadband costs. This strategy aims to encourage users to transition to broadband. Consequently, we advise against opting for dial-up Internet unless it remains your sole available option.

Hardware needed

Once your computer is in place, the additional hardware required to establish an Internet connection is relatively minimal, with the pivotal component being a modem.

The specific type of Internet access you opt for dictates the corresponding modem. Dial-up access relies on a telephone modem, DSL service necessitates a DSL modem, cable access integrates a cable modem, and satellite service relies on a satellite adapter. Typically, your Internet Service Provider (ISP) may furnish you with a modem, often at an additional cost, as part of the contractual agreement, ensuring compatibility. Nevertheless, should you prefer to explore alternative or more cost-effective modem options, you have the flexibility to purchase one independently.

Router

A router stands as a hardware facilitator enabling the connection of multiple computers and various devices to a singular Internet connection, forming what is commonly referred to as a home network. A prevalent feature of modern routers is their wireless capability, enabling the establishment of a home wireless network, often referred to as Wi-Fi.

While acquiring a router is not a mandatory step for Internet connectivity, an alternative is to directly link your computer to the modem using an Ethernet cable. Moreover, many modems come equipped with an integrated router, affording you the opportunity to establish a Wi-Fi network without the necessity of purchasing additional hardware. In order to set up your own modem in line with a cable modem you need to know the IP address of the cable modem and then bridge connections which can be done without a cable guys assistance. 

Setting up your Internet connection

Upon selecting an Internet Service Provider (ISP), the majority of providers typically dispatch a technician to your residence to activate the connection. In the event that this service is not provided, comprehensive instructions either from your ISP or included with the modem should guide you through the process of setting up your Internet connection.

Once everything is configured, you can effortlessly launch your web browser and commence using the Internet. In the event of any challenges or issues with your Internet connection, reaching out to your ISP's technical support number stands as a reliable recourse for assistance.

Home networking

If you have multiple computers at home and aim to facilitate Internet access for all of them, establishing a home network, commonly referred to as a Wi-Fi network, is a prudent choice. Within this network setup, all your devices link up with your router, which, in turn, connects to the modem. This configuration allows everyone in your household to simultaneously access the Internet.

During the installation of your Internet service, your ISP technician might offer assistance in setting up a home Wi-Fi network. Alternatively, if this service is not provided, you can consult our guide on "How to Set Up a Wi-Fi Network" for detailed instructions.

For computers lacking built-in Wi-Fi connectivity, an option is to acquire a Wi-Fi adapter that conveniently plugs into your computer's USB port. This enables seamless integration into your home network, ensuring comprehensive Internet accessibility.

What is the cloud?

You might have encountered terms like the cloud, cloud computing, or cloud storage. But what does the term "cloud" really mean?

In straightforward terms, the cloud is synonymous with the Internet—more precisely, it encompasses everything accessible remotely over the Internet. When something is said to be in the cloud, it signifies that the data or application is stored on Internet servers rather than residing on your computer's local hard drive.

To delve deeper into this concept, consider watching the video below for a comprehensive understanding of the cloud.

Why use the cloud?

Utilizing the cloud offers several compelling advantages, with convenience and reliability standing out prominently. An illustrative example of cloud usage is found in web-based email services like Gmail or Yahoo! Mail. In these services, all emails are securely stored on servers rather than occupying space on your computer's hard drive. This arrangement grants you the flexibility to access your email from any computer with an Internet connection and ensures the safeguarding of your emails even in the face of unforeseen events affecting your computer.

Now, let's explore some of the primary reasons for leveraging the cloud:

File Storage: The cloud accommodates diverse forms of data storage, encompassing files and email. This translates to the capability of accessing these resources from any computer or mobile device equipped with an Internet connection, transcending the limitations of reliance on a single home computer. Notable examples of popular cloud-based storage services include Dropbox and Google Drive.

Effortless file sharing is another notable advantage of the cloud. An illustrative scenario is the seamless sharing of files with multiple individuals simultaneously. Consider, for instance, uploading a collection of photos to a cloud-based photo service such as Flickr or iCloud Photos. With the cloud's capabilities, you can swiftly share these photos with friends and family, simplifying the process of collaborative file sharing.

Safeguarding your data is another valuable function of the cloud. Apps like Carbonite exemplify this by automatically backing up your data to the cloud. This proactive approach ensures that, in the unfortunate event of your computer being lost, stolen, or damaged, you can retrieve your files securely from the cloud.

Now, let's delve into the concept of web applications, or web apps. While desktop applications enable you to execute tasks on your computer, web apps operate in the cloud, eliminating the need for installation on your local machine. Many of the internet's most popular platforms are, in fact, web apps, and you might have already engaged with them without recognizing their web app nature. Here are a couple of examples:

Facebook: Serving as a prime illustration, Facebook allows users to create online profiles and engage with friends. The dynamic nature of profiles and conversations, which can be updated in real-time, relies on web app technologies to keep information consistently current.

Pixlr: This is an image editing application that operates within your web browser, akin to Adobe Photoshop. With advanced features like color correction and sharpening tools, Pixlr showcases the capabilities of web apps in delivering sophisticated functionalities without the need for local installation.

Google Docs stands as a noteworthy example of a web application. Operating as an office suite within your browser, it parallels the functionality of Microsoft Office, enabling users to create documents, spreadsheets, presentations, and more. The advantage of Google Docs lies in its cloud-based storage, simplifying the sharing of files with others. This streamlined approach to collaboration underscores the efficiency and accessibility afforded by web applications like Google Docs.

Engaging with the internet involves using a web browser, a software designed for discovering and viewing websites. Chances are, you're currently utilizing a web browser to peruse this page without even realizing it! While numerous web browsers exist, popular ones include Google Chrome, Safari, and Mozilla Firefox.

Regardless of your chosen web browser, mastering the fundamentals of web navigation is essential. In this lesson, we'll delve into key aspects such as navigating to different websites, employing tabbed browsing, creating bookmarks, and more.

For a comprehensive guide on the basics of using a web browser, consider watching the video below.

Throughout this lesson, we'll be demonstrating using the Google Chrome web browser. However, feel free to use any browser of your preference. It's important to note that while the appearance and functionalities of your chosen browser might differ slightly, the fundamental principles are consistent across all web browsers.

Now, let's explore URLs and the address bar. Each website possesses a unique address known as a URL (Uniform Resource Locator), functioning much like a street address that guides your browser to a specific location on the Internet. When you input a URL into the browser's address bar and hit Enter on your keyboard, the browser initiates loading the page associated with that URL.

For instance, in the example below, we've entered www.bbc.com/travel into the address bar.

Identifying links on a webpage is relatively straightforward—they are typically words or phrases highlighted in blue or underlined in blue. These hyperlinks, commonly referred to as links, serve as a means of navigating the web. Even if you haven't given them much thought, you likely already understand how links function. For instance, you can test this by clicking the link below.

Hey, I'm a link! Click me!

Clicking on a link typically redirects you to a different webpage. Additionally, when you hover over a link, you may notice your cursor transforming into a hand icon, indicating its interactive nature.

The presence of this icon signifies the discovery of a link, and you can apply the same principle to identify various other types of links. For instance, many websites incorporate images as links, allowing you to navigate to another page simply by clicking on the image. Keep an eye out for this interactive icon to enhance your ability to recognize and engage with links across different web pages.

Navigation buttons

The Back and Forward buttons serve as your navigational aids, enabling you to traverse through websites you've recently visited. Additionally, if you click and hold either button, a drop down menu will appear, revealing your recent browsing history. This functionality offers a convenient way to retrace your online steps and revisit specific pages you've explored.

The Refresh button plays a crucial role in reloading the current page. In instances where a website appears to have halted or is not functioning as expected, employing the Refresh button can often resolve the issue. It acts as a quick and effective tool to refresh the page and re-establish a stable connection with the website.

Tabbed browsing

Numerous browsers offer the convenience of opening links in a new tab, allowing you to explore multiple links while keeping them neatly organized within the same browser window instead of cluttering your screen with numerous windows.

To open a link in a new tab, simply right-click on the link and choose "Open link in new tab" (the exact wording may vary depending on your browser). This feature streamlines your browsing experience, enabling you to seamlessly navigate through various links without losing track of your original page.

To close a tab, click the X.

Generate a new, empty tab effortlessly by clicking the button situated to the right of any currently open tabs. This straightforward action allows you to initiate fresh browsing instances, enabling you to multitask and navigate between different web pages seamlessly.

Bookmarks and history

If you stumble upon a website you wish to revisit but struggle to commit its exact web address to memory, bookmarks, also referred to as favorites, provide an excellent solution for saving and organizing specific websites. To effortlessly bookmark the current website, locate and click on the Star icon, ensuring easy access to your favorite sites whenever you desire.

Your browser maintains a comprehensive history of all the websites you visit, offering an additional method to track down a site you've previously explored. To access this browsing history, navigate to your browser settings, typically achieved by clicking on the icon positioned in the upper-right corner, and then select "History." This feature provides a chronological list of your web activities, aiding you in easily locating and revisiting sites you've accessed in the past.

Downloading files

Not all links direct you to external websites; some lead to files that can be downloaded or saved on your computer.

When clicking on a link to a file, it might automatically download, but occasionally it opens directly within your browser instead of downloading. To ensure it saves to your computer rather than opening in the browser, right-click the link and choose "Save link as" (the wording may vary slightly depending on your browser, such as "Save target as"). This action provides you with the option to save the file locally on your computer.

Saving images

If you wish to save an image from a website to your computer, simply right-click on the image, and then choose "Save image as" (or "Save picture as"). This straightforward action allows you to store the image locally on your computer for future use or reference.

Plug-ins

Plug-ins are compact applications designed to enable the viewing of specific types of content directly within your web browser. Examples include Adobe Flash and Microsoft Silverlight, which are occasionally utilized for video playback, and Adobe Reader, which facilitates the viewing of PDF files. These plug-ins enhance your browser's functionality by providing specialized capabilities for handling diverse types of content seamlessly.

Using google Search

Another method that can be used with google is known as google dorks which is secret operator commands that allow you to search in different methods and have a vary of uses. Some of these the following include:

intitle:

inurl:

intext:

define:

site:

phonebook:

maps:

book:

info:

movie:

weather:

related:

link:

Understanding URLs

Each URL initiates with a scheme, serving as an essential element that informs your browser about the type of address, ensuring accurate connection. While various schemes exist, common ones for typical web browsing are http and https. Notably, your browser often omits displaying the scheme in the address bar, and when entering a web address, you usually don't need to type the scheme. Instead, you can commence directly with the domain name. Despite not being visibly shown, the scheme is an inherent component of the URL, facilitating proper browser connectivity. 

Domain Name:

The central and most recognizable component of a web address, the domain name, consistently identifies a specific website. Typically, various pages within the same site share the same domain name. For instance, all pages on this site collectively share the GCFLearnFree.org domain name.

Each segment of the domain name, separated by periods, is termed a domain. The rightmost domain is the top-level domain, with the domains to its left designated as second-level, third-level, and so forth. Insight into the website's nature can often be gleaned from its domains. One domain may indicate the organization, while the top-level domain imparts more general information about the site. For example, in the URL nc.gov, the .gov top-level domain signifies a government website in the United States, while the nc domain specifies North Carolina.

In many URLs, the www domain can be omitted without affecting the page access. For instance, Google.com and www.google.com both lead to the same page. However, other subdomains, like news.google.com, cannot be omitted and are integral to reaching specific pages.

File Path:

The file path, commonly referred to as the path, directs your browser to load a particular page on the website. Even if you only enter a domain name without specifying a path, your browser is still loading a specific page—the default page, often designed for navigation to other pages.

URLs concluding with the domain name and lacking a file path usually load a homepage or index page, facilitating navigation to specific pages on the site. If you forget the file path for a specific page, starting from the homepage and searching is a common and effective approach.

Parameters:

Some URLs feature a string of characters after the path, beginning with a question mark—referred to as the parameter string. This section, often seen after performing a search on platforms like Google or YouTube, may be clear or confusing to a human user but contains critical information for the server.

Anchor:

Found after the path, the anchor serves the purpose of instructing your browser to either scroll to or load a particular section of the page. Typically initiated with a hashtag, the anchor functions akin to a bookmark, directing your browser to a specific part of an extensive page. It's important to note that distinct anchors don't lead to different pages; rather, they guide the browser to display various segments of the same page.

A Complete URL:

When these components are combined, they form a complete URL. It's worth mentioning that not all URLs necessarily incorporate all five parts—some may exclude certain elements depending on the specific webpage or the way the website is structured.

Applying the insights gained from this tutorial, we can discern valuable information about the provided URL. The domain name, in this case, indicates that the page is hosted on Wikipedia. Examining the parameters reveals that the page likely pertains to burritos, and the presence of an anchor suggests that our focus will be directed to the section discussing burritos for breakfast.

It's essential to note that while these are the most prevalent components of a URL, there are additional parts that may appear in specific instances. However, the five components discussed here are the ones you will encounter most frequently, and they generally provide the most insightful information about the content and structure of a webpage.

How to set up a Wi-Fi network

The Internet is a remarkably powerful tool, providing instant access to a wealth of information through channels such as email, Google search, and Wikipedia. However, the notion of being confined to using the Internet only when tethered to a desktop computer seems somewhat counterintuitive. What if you could harness the Internet's capabilities from any corner of your home or office?

For those already equipped with high-speed (broadband) Internet service at home, establishing a personal wireless network is a straightforward endeavor. Widely recognized as Wi-Fi, this wireless network empowers you to connect laptops, smartphones, and various other mobile devices to your home Internet service sans the constraints of physical Ethernet cables. This flexibility ensures that you can seamlessly access the Internet from anywhere within your residence or workplace.

Purchase a Wireless Router:

To establish your Wi-Fi network, the first step is acquiring a wireless router. This device is responsible for broadcasting the Wi-Fi signal from your Internet modem throughout your residence. Your Internet service provider (ISP) might offer a wireless router for a nominal monthly fee, which could be the simplest option, especially if you're setting up a Wi-Fi network for the first time. However, if you choose to purchase your router, investing some time in research is advisable. CNET provides a comprehensive guide on "How to Buy a Router."

It's worth noting that certain Internet modems may come equipped with a built-in wireless router, eliminating the need for a separate purchase.

Connect the Cables:

After obtaining a wireless router, the next step is connecting it to your existing Internet modem.

Attach an Ethernet cable from your modem to the wireless router, usually utilizing the short Ethernet cable included with the wireless router.

Plug in the power cable for the wireless router.

Allow at least 30 to 60 seconds for the router's lights to indicate proper functionality.

Configure Your Router:

Now, use your computer to configure the router's default settings, which involves setting a unique name and password for your wireless network.

Access your router's default IP address using your web browser. This information is typically provided in your router's instructions, with common addresses like 192.168.0.1, 192.168.1.1, or 192.168.2.1.

The router's sign-in page will appear. Refer to your router's instructions for the standard username and password, often set as admin and password.

Navigate to the router's settings page, locate the Network Name setting, and input a distinctive network name.

Find the Network Password setting, select an Encryption option (WPA2 is recommended for enhanced security), and enter your chosen password. Opt for a strong password to safeguard your network.

Save your settings by locating and selecting the Save button on the router's settings page.

Congratulations, you've completed the setup process, and now it's time to connect to your Wi-Fi network. While the steps for connecting to a Wi-Fi network may vary slightly depending on your computer or device, the fundamental process remains the same.

Locate your computer's network settings: Navigate to your computer or device's network settings and look for available Wi-Fi networks.

Select your network and enter the password: Choose your network from the list and input the password when prompted.

Verify the connection: After successfully connecting, open your web browser and attempt to navigate to a webpage, such as www.google.com. If the page loads, your Wi-Fi connection is functioning correctly.

Congratulations!

You've successfully established your own home wireless network. Well done!

Choosing a web browser

A web browser is a software application that enables you to locate and view websites on the Internet. Even as you read this page, you are currently utilizing a web browser!

In the earlier years, particularly in the early 2000s, there was one dominant browser that nearly everyone used: Microsoft's Internet Explorer. If you were an Internet user during that era, you likely clicked on an icon resembling this to access the Web:

In earlier times, Internet Explorer came pre-installed on every PC you purchased. However, beginning in the mid-2000s, other software companies introduced new browsers, such as Mozilla Firefox and Google Chrome. These browsers pioneered more experimental features, prompting web developers to design websites with Chrome and Firefox in mind. Consequently, these sites didn't always function optimally in Internet Explorer.

If you own a PC with Windows 10, Microsoft Edge serves as your default web browser. For a more in-depth understanding of browsing in Edge, consider watching the video linked here.

Using a PC or Android? Try Google Chrome.

Using an iPhone, iPad, or Mac? Try Safari.

Other recommended web browsers

Windows:

Windows is a robust operating system crafted by Microsoft, serving as the backbone for computer functionality. As an essential intermediary between users and hardware, Windows facilitates a seamless interaction with personal computers (PCs). Predominantly, it comes preinstalled on the majority of new PCs, contributing significantly to its global prevalence and making it the most widely adopted operating system.

The versatility of Windows empowers users to effortlessly accomplish a myriad of everyday tasks on their computers. From browsing the Internet and checking email to digital photo editing, music playback, gaming, and beyond, Windows provides a comprehensive platform for diverse computing needs.

In addition to its role in personal computing, Windows has established itself as a staple in office environments. This popularity stems from its integration with a suite of productivity tools, including calendars, word processors, and spreadsheets. By offering a cohesive and user-friendly interface, Windows ensures that individuals and businesses can efficiently manage their tasks and responsibilities.

Ultimately, Windows stands as a cornerstone in the world of computing, catering to both the individual's everyday activities and the complex demands of professional settings. Its widespread adoption attests to its effectiveness in providing a user-centric and versatile computing experience.

Navigating Windows

Engaging with Applications

An application, often referred to as a program, constitutes a vital category of software that empowers users to accomplish various tasks on their computers. Windows, as an operating system, is equipped with an array of built-in applications designed to enhance user experience. For instance, if your objective is to explore the Internet, Microsoft Edge serves as the default browser (or Internet Explorer for users on Windows 8 or earlier versions).

To launch an application:

With your mouse, initiate the process by clicking on the Start button.

Subsequently, select the desired application from the available options. If the one you're looking for isn't immediately visible, you can click on "All Programs" to unveil a comprehensive list of installed applications.

In this example, let's open Microsoft Edge to initiate your web browsing experience.

This straightforward process provides users with quick access to a variety of applications, enabling them to seamlessly navigate through the functionalities of their computer. Whether for productivity, entertainment, or utility, Windows applications are designed to cater to diverse user needs.

How to Shut down windows 10

Working with files

Find a Missing file

Locating Files: A Guide to Common Destinations

If you find yourself on a quest for a specific file and the search seems elusive, consider checking these common destinations where files are often stored:

Downloads Folder:

By default, your computer designates a specific location for downloaded files - the Downloads folder. This folder is the initial stop for files acquired from the Internet, including attachments from email messages. To access the Downloads folder, launch File Explorer, and navigate to Downloads (positioned below Favorites on the left side of the window). Here, a readily available list of recently downloaded files awaits your perusal.

Documents Folder:

Vital for organizing your documents, the Documents folder is a prime repository for files created or saved by various applications. Open File Explorer, and select Documents to explore a structured array of your textual and multimedia files.

Desktop:

The Desktop is a convenient space often utilized for storing frequently accessed files. Icons on your Desktop may represent files that are readily accessible with a simple double-click.

Recent Files:

If you are looking for files you've recently interacted with, the "Recent Files" section can be invaluable. In File Explorer, navigate to "Quick Access" on the left side and select "Recent Files" to find a chronological list of files you've recently opened or modified.

Specific Application Folders:

Some applications create dedicated folders to store files associated with their operation. For instance, multimedia applications may have folders for music or photos. Explore these application-specific folders to track down relevant files.

Navigating through these common destinations should significantly improve your chances of locating the elusive file. The organization and categorization within these folders aim to streamline your file management experience on your computer.

Keyboard shortcuts in Windows

Not common Shortcuts

Win + . (period):

Opens the emoji panel. Useful for adding emojis to your text.

Win + Ctrl + D:

Creates a new virtual desktop. Efficient for organizing your work into different desktops.

Win + Ctrl + F4:

Closes the current virtual desktop.

Shift + F10:

Opens the right-click context menu for the selected item.

Win + Pause/Break:

Opens the System Properties window.

Ctrl + Shift + Esc:

Directly opens the Task Manager without the need for Ctrl + Alt + Del.

Alt + Print Screen:

Takes a screenshot of the currently focused window.

Win + Ctrl + O:

Brings up the virtual keyboard.

Ctrl + Alt + D:

Opens the Date and Time overlay on the desktop.

Win + Alt + R:

Starts or stops recording with the Xbox Game Bar.

Win + , (comma):

Temporarily shows the desktop. Releasing the keys restores the open windows.

Ctrl + Shift + N:

Creates a new folder in File Explorer.

Ctrl + Win + B:

Switches focus to the notification area. Use the arrow keys to navigate and Enter to open notifications.

Win + 1, Win + 2, etc.:

Opens the applications pinned to your taskbar in the order they appear. Win + 1 opens the first, Win + 2 opens the second, and so on.

Ctrl + Win + Tab:

Activates Task View, allowing you to see all open windows and virtual desktops. Use arrow keys or mouse to navigate and Enter to switch.

Efficient Text Manipulation Shortcuts

When engaging with text in word processors, email applications, or any text-oriented platform, mastering these keyboard shortcuts can significantly enhance your productivity by expediting routine tasks:

Ctrl+X:

Cuts the selected text, removing it from its current location and storing it in the clipboard for future use.

Ctrl+C:

Copies the selected text, replicating it to the clipboard without altering its original placement.

Ctrl+V:

Pastes the text stored in the clipboard at the current cursor location, facilitating seamless integration into your document.

Ctrl+A:

Selects all text within the active window or on the current page, providing a swift method to manipulate or copy entire sections.

These shortcuts serve as indispensable tools for text manipulation, offering a streamlined approach to common tasks. Whether you're drafting documents, composing emails, or editing content, incorporating these keyboard shortcuts into your workflow can significantly optimize your text-based interactions.

Ctrl+B: Bold the selected text.

Ctrl+I: Italicize the selected text.

Ctrl+U: Underline the selected text.

Seamless File and Application Management

Efficiently navigating through applications and files is paramount for a smooth computing experience. Harnessing keyboard shortcuts not only expedites these processes but also adds a layer of convenience to various tasks. Here's a brief guide on some essential shortcuts for working with files and applications:

Application Management:

Alt + F4:

Closes the currently active window or application, providing a quick way to exit.

Ctrl + Shift + Esc:

Directly opens the Task Manager, allowing you to view and manage running applications and processes.

Alt + Tab:

Switches between open applications. Hold down Alt and tap Tab to cycle through the available windows.

File Management:

Ctrl + N:

Creates a new instance of the active application, facilitating the quick creation of new files.

Ctrl + S:

Saves the currently active file, ensuring your work is preserved.

Ctrl + P:

Opens the print dialog, allowing you to initiate the printing process for the active document.

Advanced Troubleshooting:

Ctrl + Alt + Delete:

In the event of an unresponsive or frozen program, this key combination opens the Task Manager. From here, you can select the problematic application and force it to quit, restoring system responsiveness.

By incorporating these shortcuts into your workflow, you can effortlessly manage applications and files, enhance your productivity, and swiftly troubleshoot issues when needed. These time-saving commands contribute to a more efficient and enjoyable computing experience.

Efficient File and Application Shortcuts

Navigating and managing files and applications is fundamental to a seamless computing experience. Mastering these keyboard shortcuts enhances your efficiency and streamlines common tasks:

Delete:

Sends the selected file or files to the Recycle Bin, offering a safety net before permanent deletion.

Enter:

Opens the selected application or file, providing a swift means of accessing your content.

Ctrl+N:

Creates a new file within the active application, allowing for quick initiation of fresh projects.

Ctrl+O:

Opens an existing file, streamlining the process of accessing previously saved documents.

Ctrl+S:

Saves the current file, ensuring your work is preserved and reducing the risk of data loss.

Ctrl+Z:

Undoes the previous action, providing a quick retreat from unintended changes. To redo the action, press Ctrl+Y.

Windows key:

Opens the Start menu (or the Start screen in Windows 8), serving as a central hub for launching applications and accessing system features.

By incorporating these keyboard shortcuts into your routine, you can effortlessly manage files, streamline document creation, and navigate your system with greater speed and precision. These shortcuts are invaluable for both everyday tasks and advanced functionality, contributing to a more efficient and enjoyable computing experience.

Efficient Internet Navigation Shortcuts

Navigating the web seamlessly is crucial for a productive online experience. Here are some keyboard shortcuts tailored for internet use, enhancing your browsing efficiency. Keep in mind that the functionality of these shortcuts may vary slightly depending on the web browser you're using.

Ctrl+N:

Opens a new browser window, allowing you to explore additional content without interrupting your current session.

Ctrl+T:

Initiates a new browser tab, facilitating multitasking by enabling you to explore multiple web pages simultaneously.

Ctrl+D:

Creates a bookmark for the current page, streamlining the process of saving and organizing your favorite online destinations.

Ctrl+B:

Opens the bookmarks manager, providing quick access to your saved web pages.

Ctrl+J:

Displays a list of recently downloaded files, offering easy retrieval and management of your downloaded content.

These keyboard shortcuts seamlessly integrate into your web browsing routine, allowing you to navigate, organize, and retrieve information more efficiently. Whether you're researching, bookmarking interesting pages, or managing your downloads, these shortcuts contribute to a smoother and more streamlined online experience.

What is a flash drive?

Using a flash drive, also known as a USB drive or thumb drive, is a straightforward process. Here's a step-by-step guide on how to use a flash drive:

Step 1: Insert the Flash Drive

Locate an available USB port on your computer. USB ports are typically found on the front or back of desktop computers and on the sides of laptops.

Take the cap off the flash drive (if it has one) and insert it into the USB port. Ensure it's inserted in the correct orientation; USB drives are reversible, so there's no wrong way to insert them.

Step 2: Wait for Recognition

Once the flash drive is inserted, your computer should recognize it almost instantly. You might hear a sound (on Windows) or see an icon on the desktop (on macOS) indicating that a new device has been connected.

Step 3: Open File Explorer or Finder

Windows:

Open File Explorer by pressing Win + E or clicking on the File Explorer icon in the taskbar.

Your flash drive should appear under "This PC" or "Computer" on the left side.

Mac:

Open Finder by clicking on the Finder icon in the dock.

Your flash drive should appear on the left sidebar under "Devices."

Step 4: Access and Transfer Files

Copying Files to the Flash Drive:

Open the location where your files are stored.

Select the files or folders you want to transfer to the flash drive.

Right-click on the selected items and choose "Copy" (or use Ctrl + C on Windows, Command + C on Mac).

Go to the flash drive in File Explorer or Finder.

Right-click in the flash drive window and choose "Paste" (or use Ctrl + V on Windows, Command + V on Mac).

Ejecting the Flash Drive:

Before physically removing the flash drive, it's important to safely eject it to avoid data corruption.

On Windows, right-click on the flash drive in File Explorer and select "Eject."

On Mac, click the eject icon next to the flash drive in Finder.

Step 5: Physically Remove the Flash Drive

Once you've safely ejected the flash drive, you can safely remove it from the USB port. Simply pull it out gently.

Remember to regularly backup your important data to the flash drive, and always eject it properly before removing it to avoid any potential data loss or corruption.

Basic troubleshooting techniques

Effective Computer Troubleshooting Tips

Encountering computer issues can be a source of frustration, but efficient troubleshooting can often lead to solutions. Here are some practical tips to streamline your troubleshooting process:

1. Document Your Steps:

When diving into troubleshooting, maintain a record of the steps you take. This documentation serves two purposes:

Preventing Repetition: Helps avoid retracing the same unsuccessful steps.

Assisting Others: If you seek external help, a detailed record facilitates clear communication about what you've already attempted.

2. Note Error Messages:

If your computer displays error messages, document them comprehensively. This information is invaluable for diagnosing the issue and researching potential solutions. Specific error messages can provide clues about the nature of the problem.

3. Check Cables and Connections:

For hardware-related problems, such as issues with monitors or keyboards, inspect all relevant cables. Ensure they are securely connected to their respective ports. Sometimes, a loose cable might be the root cause of the problem.

4. Restart Your Computer:

A seemingly simple yet effective step is restarting your computer. This action can resolve various basic issues by refreshing system processes. It's a quick and non-intrusive troubleshooting method that often yields positive results.

Additional Tips:

Update Drivers and Software:

Ensure your operating system, drivers, and essential software are up-to-date. Outdated software can lead to compatibility issues and malfunctions.

Run System Diagnostics:

Use built-in system diagnostic tools to identify potential hardware problems. These tools can check the health of your hardware components.

Consider Recent Changes:

If the issue coincides with recent changes, such as new installations or updates, consider reverting those changes to isolate the problem.

Research Online Communities:

Explore online forums and communities where users share similar experiences. This can provide insights and solutions based on collective troubleshooting experiences.

By combining these tips and maintaining a systematic approach, you can enhance your troubleshooting efficiency and increase the likelihood of resolving computer issues effectively.

Troubleshooting Common Computer Issues

Problem: An Application is Running Slowly

Solution 1: Close and reopen the application to refresh its processes and potentially improve performance.

Solution 2: Update the application. Navigate to the Help menu and look for an option to Check for Updates. If not found, conduct an online search for application updates.

Problem: An Application is Frozen

Sometimes an application becomes unresponsive, hindering normal functionality.

Solution 1: Force quit the application by pressing Ctrl+Alt+Delete to open the Task Manager. Select the unresponsive application and click End task.

Solution 2: Restart the computer. This will close all open applications and can resolve issues with frozen programs.

Problem: The Computer is Frozen

If the entire computer becomes unresponsive:

Solution 1: Restart Windows Explorer by opening the Task Manager (Ctrl+Alt+Delete), locating Windows Explorer in the Processes tab, and clicking Restart.

Solution 2: Press and hold the Power button for 5-10 seconds to force a computer shutdown.

Solution 3: If the computer still won't shut down, consider unplugging the power cable (or removing the laptop battery) as a last resort.

Problem: The Mouse/Keyboard Has Stopped Working

Solution 1: For wired peripherals, ensure they are correctly plugged into the computer.

Solution 2: For wireless peripherals, check if they are turned on and the batteries are charged.

Problem: The Screen is Blank

Solution 1: If the computer is in Sleep mode, wake it up by clicking the mouse or pressing any key on the keyboard.

Solution 2: Ensure the monitor is plugged in and turned on.

Solution 3: Check that the computer itself is plugged in and powered on.

Solution 4: For desktop computers, verify the monitor cable is properly connected to both the computer tower and the monitor.

Problem: Can't Hear Sound on the Computer

Solution 1: Check the volume level using the audio button in the bottom-right corner of the screen.

Solution 2: Inspect audio player controls for separate volume settings.

Solution 3: Verify external speakers are plugged in, turned on, and connected to the correct audio port or USB port. Use color-coded ports if available.

Solution 4: Connect headphones to determine if sound is audible through them.

Unit 1 Discussion:

Discussion: Introductions

Please introduce yourself to the class. Include your name, your major, your interests/hobbies, and anything else you’d like us to know about you. Feel free to include a picture of yourself if you feel comfortable so that we can put a face to the name.

Assignment Unit 1: WWW Information Hunt 

Scavenger Hunt – How Computers Work and other Questions

Answer each of the following questions AND provide the URL for the site on which you

found your answer.  Submit your answers in a word document and upload.

1. How does a computer hard disk drive operate?

2. What does the command “cd\” do when entered on a Windows command

prompt?

3. What does the word “suffrage” mean?

4. What is a DoS attack?

5. What is contained in a file with the filename extension of .PS?

6. What is the name of Russia’s President?

7. What is Thomas Edison’s middle name?

8. What restaurant did Ray Kroc own?

9. What three parts of a computer can accept input?

10. What three parts of a computer produce output?

11. What was the highest grossing movie of 1999?

12. What year was the first Barbie doll introduced?

13. Where was George Washington born?

14. Who invented Coca Cola?

15. Who was John F. Kennedy’s vice president?

16. Who invented the internet?

17. Why were computers originally developed?

18. What company created the first home PC?

19. What is the average starting salary for someone in IT this year?

20. What country has the most super computers?

WWW Information Hunt

1. How does a computer hard disk drive operate? There are two types of hard drives the old school style hard drives that use magnetic spinning disks called platters with the actuator that aligns over data for it to be read or writing. These older types took longer to access data because actuator arm had to move to the location the data was being stored to access it. These drives take 10 to 15 milliseconds to access data which might seem fast but are painfully slow to a computer.

1.      SSD's (Solid-State Drives) are now replacing the old-style magnetic disk hard drives. They don't rely on spinning disks instead they save data to a NAND flash which is able to retain the charged state while not powered up making it a non-volatile memory instead of DRAM which the computer uses for memory which data can be lost if it’s not refreshed quickly. SSD hard drives can cold boot into windows in seconds compared to the slower older hard drives with moving parts. https://www.extremetech.com/extreme/210492-extremetech-explains-how-do-ssds-work

 

2. What does the command “cd\” do when entered on a Windows command

prompt? The CD command is used to “Change Directories” which allows you to move to different locations within command prompt. You can also use it to change location to different drives if you know the letter of them such as using “cd /d d: “without quotations.  https://kb.corel.com/en/125973#:~:text=The%20CD%20command%20is%20used,is%20on%20the%20C%20drive

3. What does the word “suffrage” mean? The right of voting  https://www.dictionary.com/browse/suffrage

 

4. What is a DoS attack? This is a Denial-of-service attack which is used against a network to make the server or network inaccessible to it’s user base. It’s normally performed with a mass flow of traffic and often performed using Botnets which is a paid collection of network computers infected by malware that are controlled by a single party. You see 3 types of denial-of-service attacks, Buffer overflow attacks, ICMP flood, and SYN flood. Buffer overflow are most common since they utilize concept of sending more traffic than programmers system can handle though much harder to perform against networks which can handle very high amounts of users that would require more connections to take down. ICMP flood works more on a misconfigured network device by sending spoofed packets. And SYN flood sends requests to server but doesn’t complete the handshake and continues until all ports are flooded and no legitimate users can access the server. https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-a-denial-of-service-attack-dos

 

5. What is contained in a file with the filename extension of .PS? These are higher quality printing files using a vector graphic file it makes digital graphics and text ready to print but not all printers can take advantage of the file type so often people convert them to PDF to handle them easier.  https://www.adobe.com/creativecloud/file-types/image/vector/ps-file.html#ps

 

6. What is the name of Russia’s President? Vladimir Putin https://www.britannica.com/biography/Vladimir-Putin

 

7. What is Thomas Edison’s middle name? Alva https://www.nps.gov/edis/learn/historyculture/edison-biography.htm#:~:text=Thomas%20Alva%20Edison%20was%20born,moved%20to%20Port%20Huron%2C%20Michigan

8. What restaurant did Ray Kroc own? McDonalds https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ray-Kroc

 

1.      9. What three parts of a computer can accept input? Keyboard, mouse and modem https://www.educationworld.com/a_lesson/hunt/hunt002.shtml#:~:text=The%20keyboard%2C%20mouse%2C%20and%20modem,and%20modem%20are%20output%20devices.

 

10. What three parts of a computer produce output? Monitor, Audio adapter and GPU https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/o/outputde.htm#:~:text=considered%20storage%20devices.-,What%20are%20the%20output%20devices%20of%20my%20computer%3F,these%20is%20an%20output%20device

1.      11. What was the highest grossing movie of 1999? Star Wars Episode 1 the phantom menace https://www.boxofficemojo.com/year/1999/

 

12. What year was the first Barbie doll introduced? Interestingly enough I know its March 9, 1959 cause my mother has the very first barbie https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/barbie-makes-her-debut#:~:text=On%20March%209%2C%201959%2C%20the,United%20States%20with%20adult%20features

13. Where was George Washington born? Westmoreland county, VA https://www.archives.gov/legislative/features/washington#:~:text=George%20Washington%20was%20born%20in,days%20to%20February%2022%2C%201732

14. Who invented Coca Cola? John Stith Pemberton https://www.coca-colacompany.com/faqs/how-was-coca-cola-invented#:~:text=May%201886%2C%20Dr.-,John%20S.,for%20five%20cents%20a%20glass

15. Who was John F. Kennedy’s vice president? Lyndon B. Johnson https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/presidents/lyndon-b-johnson/

 

16. Who invented the internet? Vinton Cerf and Bob Kahn https://www.britannica.com/story/who-invented-the-internet#:~:text=Computer%20scientists%20Vinton%20Cerf%20and,referred%20to%20as%20the%20Internet

17. Why were computers originally developed? To automate mathematical calculations instead of doing them by hand and writing them down.  https://zipitclean.com/invention-news/why-was-the-computer-invented/#:~:text=Why%20was%20the%20computer%20invented,%E2%80%9Cfather%E2%80%9D%20of%20the%20computer

1.      18. What company created the first home PC? Kenbak Corporation of kenbak-1 is considered to be the first personal computer though I saw conflicting information that MITS company completed the first personal computer Kenbak was made in 1971 while the MITS computer Altair 8800 was completed in 1973. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_personal_computers

 

19. What is the average starting salary for someone in IT this year? 67,554 https://www.salary.com/research/salary/posting/information-systems-entry-level-salary

1.      20. What country has the most super computers? China https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TOP500

 

Unit 1 Quiz: Internet and Windows

 What is Wi-Fi?

A wireless home Internet connection.

When something is stored in the cloud, it means it's stored on the Internet instead of your computer's hard drive.

True

__________ means receiving data or a file from the Internet on your computer. __________ means sending data or a file from your computer to somewhere on the Internet.

Downloading/Uploading

The main workplace of a Windows computer is called the __________.

Desktop

Let's say you're having trouble locating a file on your computer. Which of the following are good places to look for the file? Check all that apply.

The Downloads folder

The Recycle Bin

Default folders like My Documents

Which of the following can you do online? Check all that apply.

Send and receive email and instant messages.

Use search engines to find information.

Use social networking platforms.

Pay bills and manage bank accounts.

What is Microsoft Windows?

An operating system.

Which of the following statements about websites is NOT true?

The Internet and websites are the same thing.

You can usually leave out www. when typing a URL into your web browser.

True

When you move a file to the Recycle Bin, it will be immediately deleted from your computer.

False

When you double-click a file on the desktop, it will appear in __________.

A new window

You can only have one user account on a Windows computer.

False

What is the Internet?

A global network of computers and electronic devices.

Which of the following are types of home Internet service? Check all that apply.

Cable

Satellite

Dial-up

Which of the following is NOT a common keyboard shortcut in Windows?

Command + Shift + Esc

When browsing the internet, clicking on a hyperlink it will only take you to another website.

False